Malaysia and India are both diverse countries with significant Muslim populations, and both have waqf (Islamic endowment) practices. However, both countries' waqf systems differ due to variations in their governance, legal structures, and social organisation.

Abu Ishaq Al Zaraqali (1029–1100), also known as Arzachel, was a renowned Muslim astronomer and inventor from Islamic Spain. He created the influential Toledan Tables, invented advanced astronomical instruments like the Safiha astrolabe and water clock, and made accurate astronomical calculations that influenced both Islamic and European science.

Islamic psychology, with roots in ancient wisdom and contributions from scholars like Al-Balkhi, offers a holistic perspective on the mind, intertwining spiritual and cognitive insights to guide individuals toward optimal well-being.